@article {410,
	title = {A Budget of Carbonate and Terrigenous Sediments, Hanalei Bay, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	year = {2002},
	note = {id: 105},
	abstract = {The sediment budget of Hanalei Bay on the north shore of Kauai was calculated using sedimentological and geophysical methods. The calculations of the budget subsequently allowed an interpretation of the Holocene history of the bay. The bay sediments are easily separated into marine (carbonate) and terrigenous (siliciclastic) grains. Surficial sediments are dominated by carbonate grains (\~{}70\%) of coralline algae, coral, and mollusc fragments as well as foraminifera, Halimeda, bryozoa, and echinoderm tests. However, siliciclastic grains (e.g. olivine, plagioclase, volcanic lithics) from the Hanalei River watershed draining shield volcanic highlands are the most common individual grain type (\~{}27\%) and form a zone of high concentration from the mouth of the Hanalei River into the center of the bay. Flooding in the bay by the post-glacial sea-level rise began soon after 11.7 kyears. The resulting marine environment caused the net deposition of 45.5{\textpm}1.5{\texttimes}106 m3 of sediment in the bay and approximately 33.7{\textpm}11.2{\texttimes}106 m3 of sediment on the Hanalei coastal plain. The total volume of carbonate sediment stored in the bay and coastal plain is greater than the volume likely to have been produced exclusively within the bay during the same time. Calculations indicate that approximately 2490 m3 year-1 have been imported into the bay or coastal plain and deposited since 11,700 years ago. The majority of this sediment influx is likely delivered from the east by the strong tradewind-driven littoral currents that characterize Kauai{\textquoteright}s north shore. Net carbonate sediment deposition in Hanalei Bay peaked at a rate of 15,500 m3 year-1 between 5000 and 3000 years ago (when sea level may have been 2 m above present) diminishing to 3890 m3 year-1 from 1000 years ago to the present. This influx is likely to have played a significant role in the mid to late Holocene progradation of the Hanalei shoreline.},
	doi = {10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00268-8},
	author = {Calhoun, R. S. and Fletcher, C. H. and Harney, J. N.}
}
@article {806,
	title = {Measured and predicted sediment yield from a subtropical, heavy rainfall, steep-sided river basin: Hanalei, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Geomorphology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1999},
	note = {267flTimes Cited:14Cited References Count:37},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {213-226},
	abstract = {To determine the sediment yield of the 54.4 km(2) Hanalei River basin, we employ three methods: (1) the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which uses natural characteristics of the basin such as the amount of rain, slope steepness and length values, and soil types to predict sediment erosion in a basin; (2) the thickness and calibrated radiocarbon age of fluvial deposits cored from the coastal plain; and (3) field measurements of suspended sediment in the river. Method 1 (USLE) provides a model prediction of sediment yield that we test with observational data of methods 2 and 3. Several curves, including one by the US Soil Conservation Service, predict a sediment delivery ratio (measured sediment yield: gross erosion) between approximately 15\% and 50\%. With 5260 +/- 2210 Mg (metric tons) yr(-1) of suspended sediment in the Hanalei River and 2300 +/- 700 Mg yr(-1) deposited on the coastal plain, however, the delivery of sediment in the Hanalei basin ranged between 45\% and 101\% of the maximum predicted USLE value (88 +/- 103 Mg km(-2) yr(-1)). This higher than predicted yield may be the result of mass movement. We are not able to differentiate, however, between erosion and mass movement as the principle agent of denudation. Our measurements indicate a total sediment yield of 140 +/- 55 Mg km(-2) yr(-1) for the Hanalei Valley. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0169-555x},
	doi = {10.1016/S0169-555x(99)00030-6},
	author = {Calhoun, R. S. and Fletcher, C. H.}
}
@article {875,
	title = {Late holocene coastal plain stratigraphy and sea-level history at Hanalei, Kauai, Hawaiian islands},
	journal = {Quaternary Research},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Uf728Times Cited:21Cited References Count:35},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {47-58},
	abstract = {Fluvial, marine, and mixed fluvial-marine deposition on the coastal plain of Hanalei Bay on the north shore of Kauai, Hawaii, records a middle- to late-Holocene fall of relative sea level. Radiocarbon dating of the regression boundary preserved in the stratigraphy of the coastal plain documents a seaward shift of the shoreline beginning at least 4800-4580 cal yr B.P. and continuing until at least 2160-1940 cal yr B.P. Marine sands stranded in the backshore and coastal plain environment are buried by fluvial floodplain and channel sands, silts, and muds. In places, erosion at the regression contact exposed older marine sands thus increasing the hiatus at the regression disconformity, The shoreline regression is best explained as the result of a fall in relative sea level. The age and elevation of the cored regression boundary at sites that have not been influenced by erosion are consistent with a middle-to late-Holocene highstand of relative sea level as predicted by geophysical models of whole Earth deformation related to deglaciation. (C) 1996 University of Washington.},
	issn = {0033-5894},
	doi = {10.1006/qres.1996.0005},
	author = {Calhoun, R. S. and Fletcher, C. H.}
}
