@article {2565,
	title = {Subsurface Evidence of Storm-Driven Breaching along a Transgressing Barrier System, Cape Cod, U.S.A.},
	journal = {Journal of Coastal Research},
	volume = {318},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-03-2016},
	pages = {264 - 279},
	abstract = {Relict and historic tidal channels buried within coastal barriers provide a geologic signature of environmental change, thus enhancing our understanding of how barrier systems respond to extreme storm events. Earliest maps from 1846 depict three inlets along the Waquoit Bay barrier system located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. These channels were not depicted on maps after 1846, and we lack any information pertaining to them before 1846. The principle objective of this study was to identify the location and map the internal geometry and channel-fill configuration of the buried inlet structures using geophysical and sedimentological data acquisition methods. This was done by collecting 6.2 km of shore-parallel ground-penetrating radar data and five sediment cores ranging in depth from 4 to 5 m. The sediment cores allowed for the ground truthing of the ground-penetrating radar data and provided six samples for radiocarbon dating. The 13 paleochannels identified ranged in depths from 1.3 to 3.7 m below the present beach surface. These appeared in the radar imagery as broad U-shaped cut-and-fill features incised into adjacent barrier facies. The 13 paleochannels composed 24\% of the barrier lithosome totaling 704 m in length. Individual channels were primarily less than 65 m in length and between 2.5 and 1.3 m in depth, although an additional 275-m-wide, 3.7-m-deep channel sequence was imaged and likely represents a major and long-lived paleochannel. The results will contribute toward deciphering the evolution of the Waquoit system and identify areas vulnerable to storm-driven coastal change.},
	keywords = {coastal change, Coastal evolution, ground-penetrating radar, marine transgression, overwash, paleochannel, paleogeography, South Cape Beach},
	issn = {0749-0208},
	doi = {10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00109.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00109.1},
	author = {Maio, Christopher V. and Gontz, Allen M. and Sullivan, Richard M. and Madsen, Stephanie M. and Weidman, Christopher R. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article {51,
	title = {Late Holocene marine transgression and the drowning of a coastal forest: Lessons from the past, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA},
	journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
	volume = {393},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {146-158},
	abstract = {Extra-tropical storms in the spring of 2010 swept the New England coastline resulting in significant erosion along South Cape Beach, a barrier system located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The erosion revealed 111 subfossil stumps and a preserved peat outcrop. We hypothesize that the stumps represent an ancient Eastern Red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, stand growing in a back-barrier environment and drowned by episodic storm events and moderate rates of sea-level rise. Stumps, bivalves, and organic sediments, were radiocarbon dated using traditional and continuous-flow Atomic Mass Spectroscopy methods. Six sediment cores elucidated subsurface stratigraphy and environmental setting. Subfossil stumps ranged in age from 413 {\textpm} 80 to 1239 {\textpm} 53 calibrated years before present. We assume that this age represents the time at which the ancient trees were drowned by marine waters. Based on elevation and age, an 826 year rate of submergence was calculated at 0.73 mm/yr with an R2 value of 0.47. Core stratigraphy, microfossil assemblages, and radiocarbon ages indicate a dynamic barrier environment with frequent overwash and breaching events occurring during the past 500 years. Shoreline change analysis showed that between 1846 and 2008, the shoreline retreated landward by 70 m at a long-term rate of 0.43 m/yr. Future increases in the rate of sea-level rise, coupled with episodic storm events, will lead to the destruction of terrestrial environments at rate orders of magnitude greater than that during the time of the paleoforest.},
	issn = {0031-0182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.11.018},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101821300521X},
	author = {Maio, Christopher V. and Gontz, Allen M. and Weidman, Christopher R. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article { ISI:000372038300004,
	title = {Subsurface Evidence of Storm-Driven Breaching along a Transgressing Barrier System, Cape Cod, USA},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH},
	volume = {32},
	number = {{2}},
	year = {2014},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {264-279},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Relict and historic tidal channels buried within coastal barriers provide a geologic signature of environmental change, thus enhancing our understanding of how barrier systems respond to extreme storm events. Earliest maps from 1846 depict three inlets along the Waquoit Bay barrier system located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. These channels were not depicted on maps after 1846, and we lack any information pertaining to them before 1846. The principle objective of this study was to identify the location and map the internal geometry and channel-fill configuration of the buried inlet structures using geophysical and sedimentological data acquisition methods. This was done by collecting 6.2 km of shoreparallel ground-penetrating radar data and five sediment cores ranging in depth from 4 to 5 m. The sediment cores allowed for the ground truthing of the ground-penetrating radar data and provided six samples for radiocarbon dating. The 13 paleochannels identified ranged in depths from 1.3 to 3.7 m below the present beach surface. These appeared in the radar imagery as broad U-shaped cut-and-fill features incised into adjacent barrier facies. The 13 paleochannels composed 24\% of the barrier lithosome totaling 704 m in length. Individual channels were primarily less than 65 m in length and between 2.5 and 1.3 m in depth, although an additional 275-m-wide, 3.7-m-deep channel sequence was imaged and likely represents a major and long-lived paleochannel. The results will contribute toward deciphering the evolution of the Waquoit system and identify areas vulnerable to storm-driven coastal change.},
	keywords = {coastal change, Coastal evolution, ground-penetrating radar, marine transgression, overwash, paleochannel, paleogeography, South Cape Beach},
	issn = {0749-0208},
	doi = {10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00109.1},
	author = {Maio, Christopher V. and Gontz, Allen M. and Sullivan, Richard M. and Madsen, Stephanie M. and Weidman, Christopher R. and Donnelly, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article { ISI:000327567200017,
	title = {The Duxbury Sunken Forest-Constraints for Local, Late Holocene Environmental Changes Resulting from Marine Transgression, Duxbury Bay, Eastern Massachusetts, USA},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH},
	volume = {29},
	number = {{6A, S}},
	year = {2013},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {168-176},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The present marine transgression has forced geological and ecological zones vertically higher and landward since the late Pleistocene. A recent investigation in Duxbury Bay, Massachusetts, identified 18 Juniperus virginiana tree stumps emergent on an intertidal flat immediately seaward of a small marsh and pond situated between two eroding drumlins. The position of each stump was mapped with global positioning system (GPS), and its elevation with respect to mean lower low water was surveyed. Samples were selected from four stumps with elevations ranging from 2.03 and 0.75 m above mean lower low water for radiocarbon dating. The samples returned calibrated ages between 2219 +/- 94 and 2867 +/- 79 cal YBP, with the topographically highest sample returning the youngest date. Stump positions suggest a landscape gradient of 1.4 mm/yr between 2000 and 3000 cal YBP. The results are comparable with high-resolution studies of sea level in eastern Massachusetts for the same time period. Comparison of the youngest paleostumps with modern living trees suggests a dramatic change in the landscape gradient, an increase to 1.8 mm/yr. While this is contrary to sea-level studies nearby, it may represent an increase in the energetics of Duxbury Bay and resultant coastal erosion as the bay floods. The site can be used to put the impacts of changing sea-level rates into a landscape evolution framework.},
	keywords = {Cape Cod Bay, Coastal evolution, paleoforest, Radiocarbon dating, sea level, tree stumps},
	issn = {0749-0208},
	doi = {10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00183.1},
	author = {Gontz, Allen M. and Maio, Christopher V. and Rueda, Laura}
}
@article {2556,
	title = {Refining the model of barrier island formation along a paraglacial coast in the Gulf of Maine},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {307-310},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan-04-2012},
	pages = {40 - 57},
	abstract = {Details of the internal architecture and local geochronology of Plum Island, the longest barrier in the Gulf of Maine, have refined our understanding of barrier island formation in paraglacial settings. Ground-penetrating radar and shallow-seismic profiles coupled with sediment cores and radiocarbon dates provide an 8000-year evolutionary history of this barrier system in response to changes in sediment sources and supply rates as well as variability in the rate of sea-level change. The barrier sequence overlies tills of Wisconsinan and Illinoian glaciations as well as late Pleistocene glaciomarine clay deposited during the post-glacial sea-level highstand at approximately 17 ka. Holocene sediment began accumulating at the site of Plum Island at 7{\textendash}8 ka, in the form of coarse fluvial channel-lag deposits related to the 50-m wide erosional channel of the Parker River that carved into underlying glaciomarine deposits during a lower stand of sea level. Plum Island had first developed in its modern location by ca. 3.6 ka through onshore migration and vertical accretion of reworked regressive and lowstand deposits. The prevalence of southerly, seaward-dipping layers indicates that greater than 60\% of the barrier lithosome developed in its modern location through southerly spit progradation, consistent with a dominantly longshore transport system driven by northeast storms. Thinner sequences of northerly, landward-dipping clinoforms represent the northern recurve of the prograding spit. A 5{\textendash}6-m-thick inlet-fill sequence was identified overlying the lower stand fluvial deposit; its stratigraphy captures events of channel migration, ebb-delta breaching, onshore bar migration, channel shoaling and inlet infilling associated with the migration and eventual closure of the inlet. This inlet had a maximum cross-sectional area of 2800 m2 and was active around 3.5{\textendash}3.6 ka. Discovery of this inlet suggests that the tidal prism was once larger than at present. Bay infilling, driven by the import of sediment into the backbarrier environment through tidal inlets, as well as minor sediment contribution from local rivers, led to a vast reduction in the bay tidal prism. This study demonstrates that, prior to about 3 ka, Plum Island and its associated marshes, tidal flats, and inlets were in a paraglacial environment; that is, their main source of sediment was derived from the erosion and reworking of glaciogenic deposits. Since that time, Plum Island has been in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its non-glacial sediment sources and therefore can be largely considered to be in a stable, {\textquotedblleft}post-paraglacial{\textquotedblright} state. This study is furthermore the first in the Gulf of Maine to show that spit accretion and inlet processes were the dominant mechanisms in barrier-island formation and thus serves as a foundation for future investigations of barrier development in response to backbarrier infilling.},
	keywords = {barrier-island formation, ground-penetrating radar, inlet processes, inlet-fill sequence, paraglacial, spit accretion},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2012.03.001},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.03.001},
	author = {Hein, Christopher J. and FitzGerald, Duncan M. and Carruthers, Emily A. and Stone, Byron D. and Barnhardt, Walter A. and Gontz, Allen M.}
}
@article {1987,
	title = {Geologic implications of Late Quaternary isostatic adjustment in the Penobscot/Kennebec River system, Maine},
	journal = {Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2005},
	note = {id: 1173},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {24},
	author = {Kelley, Alice R. and Kelly, Joseph T. and Belknap, Daniel F. and Gontz, Allen M.}
}
