@article { ISI:000262579500003,
	title = {A late Holocene paleo-productivity record in the western Gulf of Maine, USA, inferred from growth histories of the long-lived ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES},
	volume = {98},
	number = {{1}},
	year = {2009},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {19-29},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {To investigate environmental variability during the late Holocene in the western Gulf of Maine, USA, we collected a 142-year-old living bivalve (Arctica islandica) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and late MWP / Little Ice Age (LIA) period (corrected C-14(AMS) = 1030 +/- A 78 ad; 1320 +/- A 45 ad; 1357 +/- A 40 ad) in 1996. We compared the growth record of the modern shell with continuous plankton recorder (CPR) time-series (1961-2003) from the Gulf of Maine. A significant correlation (r (2) = 0.55; p < 0.0001) exists between the standardized annual growth index (SGI) of the modern shell and the relative abundance of zooplankton species Calanus finmarchicus. We therefore propose that SGI data from A. islandica is a valid proxy for paleo-productivity of at least one major zooplankton taxa. SGIs from these shells reveal significant periods of 2-6 years (NAO-like) based on wavelet analysis, multitaper method (MTM) analysis and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) during the late Holocene. Based on established physical oceanographic observation in the Gulf of Maine, we suggest that slope water variability coupled with North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) dynamics is primarily responsible for the observed SGI variability.},
	keywords = {Arctica islandica, Climate variability, Gulf of Maine, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Paleo-productivity, Shell growth},
	issn = {1437-3254},
	doi = {10.1007/s00531-008-0318-z},
	author = {Wanamaker, Alan D. Jr. and Kreutz, Karl J. and Schoene, Bernd R. and Maasch, Kirk A. and Pershing, Andrew J. and Borns, Harold W. and Introne, Douglas S. and Feindel, Scott}
}
@article {2540,
	title = {Coupled North Atlantic slope water forcing on Gulf of Maine temperatures over the past millennium},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan-08-2008},
	pages = {183 - 194},
	abstract = {To investigate ocean variability during the last millennium in the Western Gulf of Maine (GOM), we collected a 142-year-old living bivalve (Arctica islandica L.) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells (calibrated 14CAMS = 1030 {\textpm} 78 ad; 1320 {\textpm} 45 ad; 1357 {\textpm} 40 ad) for stable isotope and growth increment analysis. A statistically significant relationship exists between modern GOM temperature records [shell isotope-derived (30 m) (r = -0.79; P < 0.007), Prince 5 (50 m) (r = -0.72; P < 0.019), Boothbay Harbor SST (r = -0.76; P < 0.011)], and Labrador Current (LC) transport data from the Eastern Newfoundland Slope during 1993{\textendash}2003. In all cases, as LC transport increased, GOM water temperatures decreased the following year. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) influence GOM water temperatures in the most recent period, with water temperatures decreasing during NAO and AMO negative modes most likely linked to LC transport and Gulf Stream interaction. Mean shell-derived isotopic changes (δ18Oc) during the last 1,000 years were +0.47{\textperthousand} and likely reflect a 1{\textendash}2{\textdegree}C cooling from 1000 ad to present. Based on these results, we suggest that observed cooling in the GOM during the last millennium was due to increased transport and/or cooling of the LC, and decreased Gulf Stream influence on the GOM.},
	issn = {0930-7575},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-007-0344-8},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/pdf/10.1007/s00382-007-0344-8},
	author = {Wanamaker, Alan D. and Kreutz, Karl J. and {\"o}ne, Bernd R. and Pettigrew, Neal and Borns, Harold W. and Introne, Douglas S. and Belknap, Daniel and Maasch, Kirk A. and Feindel, Scott}
}
@article {1006,
	title = {Chemical weathering and controls on atmospheric O2 and CO2: Fundamental principles were enunciated by J. J. Ebelmen in 1845},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1996},
	note = {id: 1533},
	pages = {1633-1637},
	doi = {10.1016/0016-7037(96)00104-4},
	author = {Berner, Robert A. and Maasch, Kirk A.}
}
