@article {bianchette_machine_2023,
	title = {Machine learning based anomaly detection for sedimentological data: Application to a Holocene multi-proxy paleoenvironmental reconstruction from Laguna Boquita, Jalisco, Mexico},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {464},
	year = {2023},
	month = {08/2023},
	pages = {107125},
	abstract = {Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are critical to determine past climatological and hydrological conditions, such as sea-level rise (SLR) and extreme events including hurricanes and tsunamis. While established quantitative methods, such as principal components analysis and discriminant analysis, have effectively aided reconstructions by demarcating stratigraphic zones, they suffer from limitations due to the underlying assumptions (linearity, normality). Here, we introduce the machine learning technique anomaly detection for sedimentological reconstructions, capable of objectively pinpointing events (anomalies) in sediment cores. We tested this technique on five sediment cores extracted from Laguna Boquita, located along the Pacific coast of Mexico. Each core was subjected to high resolution loss-on-ignition, while the most representative core (core 1) was deemed the training core and scanned with a handheld XRF unit. In general, the sediment cores were dominated by thick units of peat and/or clay, and most cores contained sand layers. This reconstruction represents many environmental settings, ranging from a sandy terrestrial environment (\~{}6830-~\~{}~6370~cal~yr BP), organic-rich wetland (\~{}6370-~\~{}~5170~cal~yr BP), and clastic-rich backbarrier lagoon (\~{}5170~cal~yr BP to present). The anomaly detection technique proved effective in marking many events, including marine transgression, evidence of SLR, transitions separating dominant depositional environments, and, perhaps most notably, a faded blue clay layer with minimal LOI variability that may represent a shift in backbarrier water level. The anomaly detection also registered anomalies when events were not visually distinct nor present in the LOI datasets (false positives), which represent sediment core sections that require further investigation with multiple proxies. However, anomaly detection failed to register anomalies in certain core sections that should have registered as events due to their distinct nature. Future efforts will look to improve anomaly detection by choosing different train cores and adding additional proxy datasets.},
	keywords = {Loss-on-ignition, Machine learning, Paleoclimate, peat, Radiocarbon dating, x-ray fluorescence},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107125},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322723001378},
	author = {Bianchette, Thomas A. and Pandey, Vijitashwa and Mollan, Calahan and Hall, Sawyer and McCloskey, Terrence A. and Liu, Kam-biu}
}
@article {2274,
	title = {Sea-level rise on eastern China{\textquoteright}s Yangtze delta},
	journal = {Journal of Coastal Research},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Yt592Times Cited:46
Cited References Count:27
},
	month = {Win},
	pages = {360-366},
	abstract = {The Yangtze delta is a densely populated, low-lying region highly vulnerable to flooding, high tides and typhoons. All previous studies indicated that relative sea level was higher from similar to 7500-4000 yrs. BP, then lowered and stabilized at about present msl during the past 3000 yrs. To the contrary, we find that sea level has been rising relative to the southern Yangtze delta plain based on new sea-level data derived from dated peats, reassessment of earlier sea-level curves and measurement of delta plain subsidence and analysis of prehistoric habitat bases from similar to 7000 to 3000 yrs. BP. Consequences of this relative rise include difficulty in expelling water from the low-lying delta plain to the coast and associated flood damage. Emplacement of the 3-Gorges Dam on the Yangtze will control flooding of the Yangtze river but decrease sediment accumulation on the delta plain that, in turn, is likely to accelerate saline inundation of this vital breadbasket.},
	keywords = {delta flooding, Holocene, neolithic sites, peat, radiocarbon dates, relative sea level, sea-level curve, subsidence, taihu lake, yangtze delta},
	isbn = {0749-0208},
	author = {Chen, Z. Y. and Stanley, D. J.}
}
