@article {2917,
	title = {Inferring Life History Characteristics of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark Carcharhinus longimanus From Vertebral Bomb Radiocarbon},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
	month = {Dec-11-2020},
	abstract = {Oceanic whitetip sharks Carcharhinus longimanus are a cosmopolitan epipelagic species that was once prolific throughout the tropics and subtropics but was recently listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and as Threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act. Although historically conspicuous in oceanic fisheries catches, relatively little is known about their habitat use, movement, and life history during migration. Given the paucity of data on migratory patterns and lack of age estimate validation available for this species, we evaluated vertebral growth bands for bomb radiocarbon (C-14) patterns to derive additional information on these metrics. Individual growth bands (n = 62) were milled from vertebrae of eight individuals caught in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Age estimates based on vertebral growth bands ranged 1-13 years, with capture dates spanning 1978-2004. Plots of vertebral Delta C-14 relative to regional coral, shark, and fish otolith reference curves suggest age estimates based on presumed annual growth bands were accurate, although specimens were not old enough to capture the most informative portion of the bomb radiocarbon reference period. The magnitude of Delta C-14 varied among individuals, and individual chronologies demonstrated semi-cyclic patterns of Delta C-14 depletion and subsequent enrichment, which may be indicative of changes to diet as a function of annual migratory patterns and is supported by recently published telemetry, diet, and stable isotope studies. Although these data are preliminary in nature, they provide some evidence that Delta C-14 patterns in vertebrae can serve as a multi-purpose tool for life history studies of oceanic sharks.},
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, diet, family Carcharhinidae, migration, Vertebrae},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.581775},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.581775/fullhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.581775/full},
	author = {Passerotti, Michelle S. and Andrews, Allen H. and Natanson, Lisa J.}
}
@article {2681,
	title = {Laser ablation{\textendash}accelerator mass spectrometry reveals complete bomb 14C signal in an otolith with confirmation of 60-year longevity for red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)},
	journal = {Marine and Freshwater Research},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-01-2019},
	pages = {1768},
	abstract = {Bomb-produced14C has been used to make valid estimates of age for various marine organisms for 25 years, but fish ages that lead to birth years earlier than the period of increase in14C lose their time specificity. As a result, bomb14Cdating is limited to a minimum age from the last year of prebomb levels because the temporal variation in14C in the marine surface layer is negligible for decades before c. 1958. The longevity of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the Gulf of Mexico remains unresolved despite various forms of support for ages near 50{\textendash}60 years. Although the age and growth of red snapper have been verified or validated to a limited extent, some scepticism remains about longevity estimates that exceed30 years. In this study, red snapper otoliths were analysed for14C using a novel laser ablation{\textendash}accelerator mass spectrometry technique to provide a continuousrecordof14C uptake. This approach provided a basis for age validation that extends beyond the normal limits of bomb14C dating with confirmation of a 60-year longevity for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico.},
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, Gulf of Mexico, Lutjanidae, radiocarbon.},
	issn = {1323-1650},
	doi = {10.1071/MF18265},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF18265},
	author = {Andrews, Allen H. and Yeman, Christiane and Welte, Caroline and Hattendorf, Bodo and Wacker, Lukas and Christl, Marcus}
}
@article {2634,
	title = {Fifty-five-year longevity for the largest member of the family Sparidae: the endemic red steenbras <i>Petrus rupestris</i>               from South Africa},
	journal = {African Journal of Marine Science},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Feb-10-2018},
	pages = {343 - 353},
	abstract = {A previous study that explored the age and growth of red steenbras Petrus rupestris (Valenciennes, 1830), a large sparid (family Sparidae, seabreams or porgies) endemic to South Africa and reported to approach 2 m in length, provided estimates as a moderately slow-growing species with a maximum age near 30 years. The stock is considered collapsed and a fishing moratorium was imposed in 2012, resulting in this species being assessed as Endangered by the IUCN. One consideration in addressing population status is validation of life-history traits. In this study, estimates of age for red steenbras from thin-sectioned otoliths were reassessed visually in terms of both the original ages and revised estimates using a different age-reading pattern. The revised ages exceeded the original ages by up to 30 years, with a maximum estimated age of 55 years from a well-defined otolith section that provided a basis for the revised age-reading procedure. Bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating revealed there was an offset in the timing of the 14C rise on the Agulhas Bank that, when coupled with considerations for regional oceanography, provided support for the revised age-reading pattern and an estimated longevity that exceeds 50 years. These findings were further supported by the fortuitous recapture of a tagged red steenbras that was at liberty for 22 years.},
	keywords = {Age validation, bomb radiocarbon dating, Carbon-14, copper steenbras, endangered species, fishery closure, otoliths},
	issn = {1814-232X},
	doi = {10.2989/1814232X.2018.1520148},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/1814232X.2018.1520148https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2989/1814232X.2018.1520148},
	author = {Andrews, AH and Smale, MJ and Cowley, PD and Chang, N}
}
@article {2611,
	title = {Linear decline in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) otolith Δ14C extends the utility of the bomb radiocarbon chronometer for fish age validation in the Northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
	volume = {8870697346588911255202655996472975862129455810210311781289189114143320657330766513996026526319911984699},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Mar-05-2018},
	abstract = {Radiocarbon (D14C) was analyzed in northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) otolith cores (n{\textonequarter}23), otolith
edge samples (n{\textonequarter}12), and whole age-0 otoliths (n{\textonequarter}9), with edge samples and whole age-0 otoliths constituting known-age samples.
There was no significant difference in the linear relationship of D14C versus year of formation between regional corals and known-age otolith
samples, and a linear regression fit to the combined data from 1980 to 2015 extends the utility of the bomb radiocarbon chronometer
for age validation. The entire regional coral and known-age otolith data set (1940 to 2015) was then utilized as a reference series to validate
otolith-derived red snapper age estimates for cored otolith samples. A loess regression was fit to the reference data and then the sum
of squared residuals (SSR) was computed from predicted versus observed birth years for cored adult otolith samples. This process was
then repeated for ages biased 61{\textendash}4 years. Ages with no bias applied had the lowest SSR, thus validating red snapper age estimates and
demonstrating the utility of the combined regional coral and known-age red snapper otolith D14C time series for age validation of nGOM
marine fishes.},
	keywords = {Age validation, otoliths, radiocarbon, red snapper},
	issn = {1054-3139},
	doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsy043},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/advance-article/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fsy043/4992258http://academic.oup.com/icesjms/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fsy043/24775644/fsy043.pdf},
	author = {Barnett, Beverly K and Thornton, Laura and Allman, Robert and Chanton, Jeffrey P and Patterson, William F}
}
@article {2577,
	title = {Twenty-five-year longevity of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) from novel use of bomb radiocarbon dating in the Mediterranean Sea},
	journal = {Marine and Freshwater Research},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-01-2016},
	pages = {1077},
	abstract = {The high variability of growth and longevity estimates for European hake (Merluccius merluccius) reflects the existence of two opposing hypotheses on growth rates that differ by a factor of 2: (1) a fast-growing hypothesis (FGH) with a maximum age near 15 years; and (2) a slow-growing hypothesis (SGH) with a maximum age near 30 years. A recently established regional radiocarbon (14C) reference led to a first-time application of bomb 14C dating in the Mediterranean Sea to three of the largest-sized and potentially oldest-catch female European hake. Because age reading of otoliths is very subjective and poorly defined, these fish were aged blind with bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating as an independent estimate of validated age. The validated ages were compared with the theoretical maximum ages from the most reliable FGH and SGH von Bertalanffy growth functions. Among the three bomb 14C ages, the most diagnostic length-at-age was an alignment with the bomb 14C rise period for two of the three fish, providing validated ages of 22 years (74.5-cm total length) and 25 years (88-cm total length). The results provide estimates of length-at-age that are in agreement with the SGH and cannot be accounted for by the FGH. },
	keywords = {Age validation, Carbon-14, growth, lifespan, Merlucciidae},
	issn = {1323-1650},
	doi = {10.1071/MF15376},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15376},
	author = {Vitale, Sergio and Andrews, Allen H. and Rizzo, Pietro and Gancitano, Salvatore and Fiorentino, Fabio}
}
@article { ISI:000271948800005,
	title = {Validation of yellowedge grouper, Epinephelus flavolimbatus, age using nuclear bomb-produced radiocarbon},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES},
	volume = {86},
	number = {{4}},
	year = {2009},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {461-472},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Age validation and estimates of longevity of yellowedge grouper (Epinephelus flavolimbatus) from the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) are needed to inform fishery management decisions. Yellowedge grouper sagittal otoliths (n = 100) were collected, aged using conventional means, and cores were submitted for radiocarbon ((14)C) measurement. Radiocarbon values of yellowedge grouper otoliths were compared to established radiocarbon chronologies in the region to validate the age and ageing methodology of this species. The yellowedge grouper chronology displayed a similar sigmoidal trend as previously published chronologies. In addition to the core analysis, multiple areas on otolith sections from eight specimens were analyzed for Delta(14)C to validate age estimates for fish born prior to the (14)C increase. Our results indicate that yellowedge grouper live longer than previously reported (minimum of 40 years based on radiocarbon measurements). The validated ageing methodology supported an estimated maximum longevity of 85 years and established that yellowedge grouper have the longest lifespan currently known for any species of grouper in the GOM. Results also indicate a depth-age interaction in that material extracted from adult otolith sections assigned to post-bomb dates exhibited lower Delta(14)C values than cores (juvenile material) assigned to the same post-bomb dates. This finding is likely explained by lower (14)C levels reported from water masses at deeper depths (> 100 m) which are inhabited by adults.},
	keywords = {Age determination, Age validation, Gulf of Mexico, Longevity, RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS, Yellowedge grouper},
	issn = {0378-1909},
	doi = {10.1007/s10641-009-9536-x},
	author = {Cook, Melissa and Fitzhugh, Gary R. and Franks, James S.}
}
