@article {stlaurent_new_2023,
	title = {New insights on black carbon in pelagic Atlantic sediments},
	journal = {Marine Chemistry},
	year = {2023},
	month = {09/2023},
	pages = {104312},
	abstract = {Black carbon (BC) is ubiquitous in pelagic sediments and presumed to have an older radiocarbon age due to long ocean residence times and pre-aging in terrestrial soils. Here, we analyzed sediments from five regions in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean to quantify the black carbon fraction of the total organic carbon pool. Black carbon, derived from the chemothermal oxidation method, comprised between 17 {\textpm} 6\% of the sedimentary organic carbon in the Northwest Argentina Basin and 65 {\textpm} 18\% in the Amazon Delta. Black carbon sediment accumulation rates were six times greater in the Sierra Leone Rise (8.4 {\textpm} 4.1 mg cm-2 kyr-1) compared to the remote Northwest Argentina Basin (1.3 {\textpm} 0.4 mg cm-2 kyr-1), possibly due to enhanced regional atmospheric deposition from annual African grassland fires. The radiocarbon age for BC from subtropical Atlantic sediments were more modern compared to the bulk total organic carbon, and BC source was apportioned as biomass burning byproducts from their stable carbon isotopic signatures and characteristic ratios of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This study demonstrated that subtropical Atlantic Ocean sediments serve as an important sink for young BC.},
	keywords = {Atlantic Ocean, BLACK CARBON, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radiocarbon, sediments},
	issn = {0304-4203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104312},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420323001081},
	author = {St.Laurent, Kari and Cantwell, Mark and Lohmann, Rainer}
}
@article {2661,
	title = {On the Origin of Aged Sedimentary Organic Matter Along a River-Shelf-Deep Ocean Transect},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
	volume = {124},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jun-08-2021},
	pages = {2582 - 2594},
	abstract = {To assess the influences of carbon sources and transport processes on the C-14 age of organic matter (OM) in continental margin sediments, we examined a suite of samples collected along a river-shelf-deep ocean transect in the East China Sea (ECS). Ramped pyrolysis-oxidiation was conducted on suspended particulate matter in the Yangtze River and on surface sediments from the ECS shelf and northern Okinawa Trough. C-14 ages were determined on OM decomposition products within different temperature windows. These measurements suggest that extensive amounts of pre-old (i.e., millennial age) organic carbon (OC) are subject to degradation within and beyond the Yangtze River Delta, and this process is accompanied by an exchange of terrestrial and marine OM. These results, combined with fatty acid concentration data, suggest that both the nature and extent of OM preservation/degradation as well as the modes of transport influence the C-14 ages of sedimentary OM. Additionally, we find that the age of (thermally) refractory OC increases during across-shelf transport and that the age offset between the lowest and highest temperature OC decomposition fractions also increases along the shelf-to-trough transect. Amplified interfraction spread or C-14 heterogeneity is the greatest in the Okinawa Trough. Aged sedimentary OM across the transect may be a consequence of several reasons including fossil OC input, selective degradation of younger OC, hydrodynamic sorting processes, and aging during lateral transport. Consequently, each of them should be considered in assessing the C-14 results of sedimentary OM and its implications for the carbon cycle and interpretation of sedimentary records.},
	keywords = {Carbon cycle, hydrodynamic processes, organic carbon, radiocarbon, sediments},
	issn = {2169-8953},
	doi = {10.1029/2019JG005107},
	url = { https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005107},
	author = {Bao, Rui and Zhao, Meixun and McNichol, Ann and Wu, Ying and Guo, Xinyu and Haghipour, Negar and Eglinton, Timothy I.}
}
@conference {1587,
	title = {A Champlain Sea phocid seal fossil from the Champlain Lowland at Plattsburgh, New York},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2010},
	note = {id: 2214; Source type: conferencepapers\&proceedings; Object type: Article; Object type: Conference Paper; Copyright: GeoRef, Copyright 2010, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United States; CSAUnique: 2010-092590; AccNum: 2010-092590; ISSN: 0016-7592; CODEN: GAAPBC},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {68},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA)},
	organization = {Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA)},
	address = {United States (USA)},
	abstract = {A SUNY Plattsburgh environmental geotechnology class uncovered several bones, most likely from a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), from exposures of Champlain Sea mud at the former Plattsburgh Air Force Base marina. The glacial section at the site contains a complete record of late Wisconsinan deglaciation in the Champlain lowland. A 1.5 to 2.0 meter thick section of fresh water ostracode (Candona subtriangulata) bearing, thinly laminated proglacial lacustrine rhythmites overlie massive gray diamicton near the base of the section. The lacustrine rhythmites contain a 0.0 to 0.2 meter thick layer of medium sand that may record one or more breakout floods from the Ontario and St. Lawrence lowlands. The lacustrine rhythmites grade upward to thinly laminated transitional rhythmites that contain marine and fresh water microfaunal assemblages. Approximately 1.5 to 2.0 meters of thinly laminated to massive, fossiliferous marine mud overlies the transitional facies, which in turn grades upward to an approximately 7-meter thick section of horizontally bedded silt and sand. The seal bones came from massive marine mud just below the transition to silt and sand. The accidental fossil find occurred as the class collected mud samples for a slope stability analysis of the bluffs along the present shoreline of Lake Champlain. The collection consists of the tibia and fibula from both legs, four vertebrae, four ribs, an astragalus, a tarsal bone, a phalange, a molar and half of the mandible with a canine tooth attached. Collagen extracted from a piece of fibula has been sent to the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) for radiocarbon dating. The find represents the second phocid fossil recovered from the Champlain lowland. The left tibial shaft from another harbor seal, originally misidentified as a hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), was found in Plattsburgh in 1901. Harbor seals on the east coast of North America presently range from the mid-Atlantic region to the Canadian Arctic.},
	keywords = {11, 24, bones, Carnivora, Cenozoic, Champlain Lowland, Champlain Sea, Chordata, Clinton County New York, Eutheria, lacustrine environment, Lake Champlain, lake sediments, Mammalia, New York, North America, Phoca, Phocidae, Pinnipedia, planar bedding structures, Plattsburgh New York, Pleistocene, Quaternary, Quaternary geology, rhythmite, sedimentary structures, sediments, taphonomy, Tetrapoda, Theria, United States, upper Pleistocene, upper Wisconsinan, Vertebrata, Vertebrate paleontology, Wisconsinan},
	author = {Franzi, David A. and Feranec, Robert and Rayburn, John A.}
}
@article {2446,
	title = {Method for determining coal carbon in the reclaimed minesoils contaminated with coal},
	journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2008},
	note = {24},
	month = {Jan-Feb},
	pages = {231-237},
	abstract = {Minesoils are anthropic soils developed on land disturbed by mining activities. Minesoils developed on the reclaimed surface-mined sites for coal are contaminated with coal particles resulting from mining and reclamation activities. Therefore, the total organic carbon (TOC) pool in these sites is a mixture of coal and plant-derived recent soil organic carbon (SOC). Accurate estimates of SOC pools and C sequestration rates in the reclaimed minesoils (RMS) is limited by the lack of a standard and cost-effective method for determination of coal C concentrations in the RMS. The chemi-thermal method, based on the oxidative resistance of coal, was developed and validated with radiocarbon analysis using selected artificial soil-coal mixtures and minesoil samples. Radiocarbon analysis of RMS samples indicated that minesoils from the top 10-cm depth developing from topsoil applied during reclamation was coal C free. The contribution of coal C and the radiocarbon age of TOC increased with increasing soil depth. The coal C fraction accounted for 0 to 92\% of TOC in the RMS samples. The coal C fraction was highly correlated with delta C-13 (r(2) = 0.84), suggesting that stable isotope composition could estimate the coal C concentration in RMS samples. Analysis of coal and artificial soil and coal mixtures indicated that chemi-thermal treatment was effective in removing recent SOC with minimum effect on coal. Analysis of RMS samples indicated that both radiocarbon activity and the chemi-thermal method were effective in estimating coal C concentration in RMS of southeast Ohio. The coal C concentrations for both methods were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.95), suggesting that the chemi-thermal method was as effective as radiocarbon activity measurement in estimating coal C concentration in these soils.},
	keywords = {BLACK CARBON, C-14, FOREST, GENESIS, MATTER, MINING DISTRICT, RICH MINE SOILS, sediments, SITES, SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON},
	isbn = {0361-5995},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.005},
	author = {Ussiri, D. A. N. and Lai, R.}
}
@conference {1802,
	title = {Taphonomy and ages of bivalve shells from San Salvador Island, Bahamas},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2008},
	note = {id: 2219; Source type: conferencepapers\&proceedings; Object type: Article; Object type: Conference Paper; Copyright: GeoRef, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United States; CSAUnique: 2010-024085; AccNum: 2010-024085; ISSN: 0016-7592; CODEN: GAAPBC},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {230},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA)},
	organization = {Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA)},
	address = {United States (USA)},
	abstract = {Paleontological interpretations of taphonomic processes can be complimented by examining abrasion and age of shells in modern settings. A preliminary analysis of the ages of bivalves from Haitian Boat Beach (just east of Barkers Point, northwest coast of San Salvador Island, Bahamas) provides a range of ages of shell material exposed on modern beaches of San Salvador Island and provides estimates of the timing of beach rock lithification. At Haitian Boat Beach Beach, bivalves and gastropods were collected from shell accumulations preserved on the beach as well as within a single 3 to 5-cm thick horizon of beach rock. The ages of 2 valves (Genus Chione) from the beach and 4 valves (Genus Chione and Genus Glycymeris) from the beach rock were analyzed. Two of the most abraded shells were selected for analysis from the beach in an attempt to get a maximum age of beach shell material. These shells were radiocarbon dated by measuring carbon-14 at NOSAMS and converted to calendar years using the CALIB program of Stuiver and Reimer (1993). Two abraded valves collected from the beach yielded calendar year ages BP of 512 and 549 years. The beach rock valves yielded calendar year ages BP of 143, 129, and 1628. These results suggest lithification of beach rock was initiated},
	keywords = {10, abrasion, absolute age, Bahamas, beachrock, Bivalvia, C-14, carbon, carbonate rocks, Caribbean region, Cenozoic, Chione, dates, Gastropoda, Glycymeris, Heterodonta, Holocene, interpretation, Invertebrata, Invertebrate paleontology, isotopes, lithification, living taxa, Mollusca, Quaternary, radioactive isotopes, San Salvador, sedimentary rocks, sediments, shells, taphonomy, upper Holocene, Veneridae, Veneroida, West Indies},
	author = {Pruss, Sara B.}
}
@article {1908,
	title = {Late Holocene barrier island collapse; Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA},
	journal = {The Sedimentary Record},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2007},
	note = {id: 1887; ISSN: 1543-8740 Language: English References: 16; illus. incl. strat. col., geol. sketch map United States (USA) Latitude:N350000,N353000 Longitude:W0753000,W0760000},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {4-8},
	abstract = {We document here the threat of large scale destruction (collapse) of barrier islands based on the study of many cores taken along the Outer Banks and in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina.Around 1,100 cal yr BP, probably as the result of hurricane activity, portions of the southern Outer Banks must have collapsed to allow normal salinity waters to bathe southern Pamlico Sound for several hundred years. Such collapse could occur again during our current regime of global warming, rising sea level and increased tropical cyclone activity. The economic effect of barrier island break collapse on Outer Banks communities would be devastating.},
	keywords = {24, Quaternary geology, algae, assemblages, barrier islands, Cenozoic, changes, clastic sediments, cores, diatoms, erosion, Foraminifera, geologic hazards, Holocene, hurricanes, Invertebrata, landform evolution, lithofacies, littoral, microfossils, North Carolina, Outer Banks, Pamlico Sound, Plantae, preservation, Protista, Quaternary, salinity, sand, sea-level, sediments, United States, upper Holocene, Vibroseis},
	author = {Culver, Stephen J. and Grand Pre, Candace A. and Mallinson, David J. and Riggs, Stanley R. and Corbett, D. Reide and Foley, Jennifer and Hale, Michael and Metger, Lauren and Ricardo, John and Rosenberger, Jeb and Smith, Christopher G. and Smith, Curtis W. and Snyder, Scott W. and Twamley, David and Farrell, Kathleen and Horton, Benjamin}
}
@article {1885,
	title = {Radiocarbon and stable isotope geochemistry of organic matter in the Amazon headwaters, Peruvian Andes},
	journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	note = {185aaTimes Cited:12
Cited References Count:37
},
	month = {Jun 27},
	abstract = {[1] We used delta C-13, delta N-15, and Delta C-14 to determine the sources of riverine organic matter in the Pozuzo River, a tributary of the Pachitea River located in the mountainous headwaters of the Amazon. Particulate organic matter (POM) Delta C-14 decreased downstream, suggesting that young organic matter (OM) introduced in small headwaters is respired preferentially in rivers or is diluted downstream with older material. The delta C-13 and delta N-15 of POM in headwater rivers were heterogeneous and also isotopically distinct from the main stem, suggesting that differences in landscape processes in small catchments impact the concentration and composition of POM in streams. The delta C-13 of dissolved organic matter (DOM) closely mirrored that of POM in the headwaters, with an apparent decoupling of dissolved and particulate OM in the river main stem. The delta C-13 of POM sampled in 2004 had a much different relationship with altitude than observed during previous years: In 2004, a very dry year, we observed enrichment from the headwaters to the main stem, and the opposite pattern in 2002, when rain fell heavily throughout the sampling campaign. This suggests that during dry conditions, in-stream processes ( such as resuspension or photosynthesis) may control riverine POM composition as opposed to terrestrial processes, which dominate during high runoff. Thus a decrease in runoff in Andean headwaters could result in less terrestrial POM transfer to rivers in the Andes foothills and lowland Amazon with a corresponding decrease in aquatic CO2 evasion.},
	keywords = {amino-acids, atlantic-ocean, carbon, drainage-basin, land-use, nitrogen, particulate, river system, sediments, streams},
	isbn = {0886-6236},
	doi = {10.1029/2006GB002835},
	author = {Townsend-Small, A. and Noguera, J. L. and McClain, M. E. and Brandes, J. A.}
}
@article {1936,
	title = {Bioreactivity of estuarine dissolved organic matter: A combined geochemical and microbiological approach},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2006},
	note = {040scTimes Cited:39
Cited References Count:32
},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {94-100},
	abstract = {An integrated multidisciplinary study utilizing geochemical and microbial ecological approaches was conducted to characterize the origins, chemical nature, and quantities of dissolved and particulate organic matter (OM) utilized by heterotrophic bacteria in a temperate estuary. C: N, stable isotope (delta C-13), and lipid biomarker analyses revealed differences in the inferred reactivity of autochthonous versus allochthonous OM sources. Isotopic comparison of OM size fractions and bacterial nucleic acids suggests that high-molecular-weight dissolved OM (DOM) is consistently linked to bacterial biomass synthesis along the estuarine salinity gradient. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (as percent of total fatty acids, FA) were a reliable predictor of DOM decomposition in bioassays, thus providing an indicator directly linking DOM reactivity to its composition. Significant positive correlations between FA diagnostic of bacterial sources and lipid biomarker compounds diagnostic of planktonic origin indicate a systematic bacterial response to autochthonous DOM sources along the estuarine continuum. These findings further suggest that, although the geochemical signature of algal-derived OM in the dissolved phase may appear quantitatively insignificant, this fraction may nevertheless represent a principal source of bioreactive OM to heterotrophic bacteria in estuarine waters.},
	keywords = {acids, bacteria, bay, bioavailability, carbon-isotope analysis, extraction, food webs, sediments},
	isbn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0094},
	author = {McCallister, S. L. and Bauer, J. E. and Canuel, E. A.}
}
@article {1937,
	title = {Dissolved and particulate organic matter source-age characterization in the upper and lower Chesapeake Bay: A combined isotope and biochemical approach},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2006},
	note = {045nhTimes Cited:24
Cited References Count:37
},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1421-1431},
	abstract = {In order to characterize the sources and ages of organic matter contributing to river and estuarine outflow waters, the present study investigated Delta C-14 and delta C-13 signatures of the major operationally defined biochemical classes of ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter (UDOM) in conjunction with lipid biomarker and elemental compositions of UDOM and suspended particulate organic matter (POM) in the Chesapeake Bay. Freshwater (Susquehanna River) UDOM was dominated by a molecularly uncharacterized (MUC) fraction, followed by total carbohydrate (TCHO), total hydrolysable amino acid (THAA) and total lipid (TLE) components. In contrast, UDOM at the bay mouth (salinity similar to 22-24) was comprised mainly of TCHO, followed by MUC, THAA, and TLE. The Delta C-14 and delta C-13 signatures of both UDOM and its major biochemical classes indicate that Susquehanna DOM is derived in part from old allochthonous terrestrial sources, whereas young marine sources dominate at the bay mouth. In contrast to the other biochemical classes, lipophilic DOM at both sites was very old (similar to 5,000-7,000 years B.P.). In addition, factor analysis of lipid biomarker compounds revealed unique signatures for the UDOM and POM pools that imply disparate source and/or recycling properties as well as potential influences due to physical partitioning. Lipid biomarker compounds showed that although autochthonous riverine/estuarine sources dominated both the UDOM and POM pools, terrigenous lipids were elevated in the Susquehanna during high flow conditions. The presence of lipid biomarkers diagnostic of "fresh" algal material in UDOM further suggested its greater reactivity than POM. The observed biochemical and lipid biomarker compositions and isotopic signatures of UDOM and POM are consistent with previous findings suggesting that these two major organic matter pools have dissimilar reactivities and cycling times, and they derive from comparatively unique source-age materials in rivers and estuaries.},
	keywords = {biomarkers, carbon, delta-c-13, lipid-composition, ocean, radiocarbon, river, san-francisco, sediments, variability},
	isbn = {0024-3590},
	doi = {10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1421},
	author = {Loh, A. N. and Bauer, J. E. and Canuel, E. A.}
}
@article {2094,
	title = {Precambrian marine carbonate isotope database: Version 1.1},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2002},
	note = {561enTimes Cited:103
Cited References Count:26
},
	month = {Jun 6},
	pages = {1-12},
	abstract = {[1] We present a compilation of strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope compositions of roughly 10,000 marine carbonate rocks of Archean - Ordovician age (3800 Ma - 450 Ma). The Precambrian Marine Carbonate Isotope Database (PMCID) has been compiled from 152 published and 3 unpublished articles and books of the past 40 years. Also included are 30 categories of relevant "metadata{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} that allow detailed comparisons and quality assessments of the isotope data to be made. The PMCID will be updated periodically as new data and better age constraints come to light. Here we outline the structure of the first published version of the database and its inherent merits and limitations.},
	keywords = {1010 geochemistry : chemical evolution, 1030 geochemistry : geochemical cycles (0330), 1040 geochemistry : isotopic composition/chemistry, 1050 geochemistry : marine geochemistry (4835,4850), calcite, carbonates, cycle, dolomite, evolution, Geochemistry, isotope stratigraphy, oceans, precambrian, SEAWATER, sediments, strontium, sulfur, time},
	isbn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2001GC000266},
	author = {Shields, G. and Veizer, J.}
}
@article {2171,
	title = {Postglacial climate and vegetation history, north-central Kola Peninsula, Russia: pollen and diatom records from Lake Yarnyshnoe-3},
	journal = {Boreas},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2000},
	note = {378dxTimes Cited:28
Cited References Count:82
},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {261-271},
	abstract = {A sediment core from Lake Yamyshnoe-3 (69 degrees 04{\textquoteright}N; 36 degrees 04{\textquoteright}E), an emerged coastal lake from the tundra of the north-central Kola Peninsula, has been analyzed for fossil pollen and diatoms. The pollen record shows the Younger Dryas event marked by increasing Artemisia coupled with decreases in Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Salix at c. 10 700 to 10 000 BP. This core provides the first well-defined palynological record of the Younger Dryas event on the Kola Peninsula. Stomates from Pinus were recovered from the core interval between 8000 and 6000 BP. The stomates, coupled with elevated values of pine pollen, indicate that Pinus sylvestris grew near the arctic coastline of the central Kola Peninsula in the middle Holocene. However, the small number of stomates suggests that pines were not plentiful. The diatom record from the core reflects basin isolation from the sea and indicates additional limnological changes during the climate transition between c. 5000 and 4000 BP. The broadly similar climate and vegetation history on the north-central Kola Peninsula and in Fennoscandia demonstrates the propagation of late glacial and Holocene climate events from the North Atlantic region into the Eurasian Arctic.},
	keywords = {atlantic, finnish lapland, Holocene, late pleistocene, norway, sea, sediments, varanger-peninsula, western part, younger-dryas},
	isbn = {0300-9483},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1502-3885.2000.tb01209.x},
	author = {Snyder, J. A. and MacDonald, G. M. and Forman, S. L. and Tarasov, G. A. and Mode, W. N.}
}
@article {2387,
	title = {Biogenic Silica in Lake Baikal Sediments - Results from 1990-1992 American Cores},
	journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Px453Times Cited:46
Cited References Count:20
},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {751-760},
	abstract = {The Lake Baikal Paleoclimate Project is a joint Russian-American program established to study the paleoclimate of Central Asia. During three summer field seasons, duplicate Russian and American coves were taken at a number of sites in different sedimentary environments in the lake. Eight cores returned to the U.S. were quantitatively analyzed for biogenic silica using a single-step 5-hour alkaline leach, followed by dissolved silicon analysis by inductively-coupled-plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy. Sediments of Holocene age in these cores have biogenic silica maxima that range from about 15 to 80 percent. An underlying zone in each core with low biogenic-silica concentrations (0 to 5 percent) dates from the last glacial maximum. The transition from the last glaciation to the present interglaciation, recorded by biogenic silica, began about 13,000 years ago. Biogenic silica profiles from these cores appear to be a good measure of past diatom productivity and a useful basis for paleoclimatic interpretations.},
	keywords = {accumulation, Holocene, Lake Baikal, marine-sediments, opal, Paleoclimate, sediments, silica},
	isbn = {0380-1330},
	author = {Carter, S. J. and Colman, S. M.}
}
@article {2383,
	title = {Lake-Level History of Lake-Michigan for the Past 12,000 Years - the Record from Deep Lacustrine Sediments},
	journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nl348Times Cited:47
Cited References Count:29
},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {73-92},
	abstract = {Collection and analysis of an extensive set of seismic-reflection profiles and cores from southern Lake Michigan have provided new data that document the history of the lake basin for the past 12,000 years. Analyses of the seismic data, together with radiocarbon dating, magnetic, sedimentologic, isotopic, and paleontologic studies of core samples, have allowed us to reconstruct lake-level changes during this recent part of the lake{\textquoteright}s history.The post-glacial history of lake-level changes in the Lake Michigan basin begins about 11.2 ka with the fall from the high Calumet level, caused by the retreat of the Two Rivers glacier, which had blocked the northern outlet of the lake. This lake-level fall was temporarily reversed by a major influx of water from glacial Lake Agassiz (about 10.6 ka), during which deposition of the distinctive gray Wilmette Bed of the Lake Michigan Formation interrupted deposition of red glaciolacustrine sediment. Lake level then continued to fall, culminating in the opening of the North Bay outlet at about 10.3 ka. During the resulting Chippewa low phase, lake level was about 80 m lower than it is today in the southern basin of Lake Michigan.
The rise of the early Holocene lake level, controlled primarily by isostatic rebound of the North Bay outlet, resulted in a prominent, planar, transgressive unconformity that eroded most of the shoreline features below present lake level. Superimposed on this overall rise in lake level, a second influx of water from Lake Agassiz temporarily raised lake levels an unknown amount about 9.1 ka. At about 7 ka, lake level may have fallen below the level of the outlet because of sharply drier climate. Sometime between 6 and 5 ka, the character of the lake changed dramatically, probably due mostly to climatic causes, becoming highly undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate and returning primary control of lake level to the isostatically rising North Bay outlet. Post-Nipissing (about 5 ka) lake level has fallen about 6 m due to erosion of the Port Huron outlet, a trend around which occurred relatively small (+/- approximately 2 m), short-term fluctuations controlled mainly by climatic changes. These cyclic fluctuations are reflected in the sedimentological and sediment-magnetic properties of the sediments.
},
	keywords = {lake michigan, ostracodes, radiocarbon, sedimentology, sediments, southern},
	isbn = {0380-1330},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Forester, R. M. and Reynolds, R. L. and Sweetkind, D. S. and King, J. W. and Gangemi, P. and Jones, G. A. and Keigwin, L. D. and Foster, D. S.}
}
@article {2382,
	title = {A Sediment Budget for Southern Lake-Michigan - Source and Sink Models for Different Time Intervals},
	journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Nl348Times Cited:17
Cited References Count:29
},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {215-228},
	abstract = {We have constructed a sediment budget for the southern Lake Michigan basin for sand and for mud during three time periods: the past 100, 5,000, and 10,000 years. For the modern (100-year) sediment budget, accountable sediment sources add up to 93 percent of the calculated sinks. The mud budget has a source deficit of about 40\%, probably due to errors in mu\&sand ratios and (or) to other sources not included in our model, especially erosion of the lake floor, which accompanies bluff recession. Two terms dominate the modem sediment-budget equation: (1) bluff erosion, which is an order of magnitude larger than either rivers or aerosols as a source, and (2) deposition in the deep basin, which is more than two orders of magnitude greater as a sink than suspended sediment transport out of the basin. About half of the sand derived from bluff erosion is deposited in the deep lake; the other half must be deposited in nearshore sand bodies, beaches, and dunes. Despite the uncertainties in our estimates of sediment sources and sinks, the attempt to reconstruct sediment budgets for time intervals of 100, 5,000, and 10,000 years leads to important insights about erosion and sedimentation processes. Bluff erosion is the dominant source of both sand and mud in the basin. The deep lake floor is the primary sink for mud, whereas both the deep lake and nearshore areas are important sinks for sand. On a long-term basis, rates of bluff erosion have progressively decreased and are apparently independent of anthropogenic effects. Rates of sediment accumulation in the lake basin mirror the decrease in rates of bluff erosion for prehistoric time, but have increased markedly since human settlement, probably because of anthropogenic effects on river and aerosolic inputs.},
	keywords = {deposition, erosion, Holocene, lake michigan, sediment budget, sediments},
	isbn = {0380-1330},
	author = {Colman, S. M. and Foster, D. S.}
}
@article {2393,
	title = {Ams-Graphite Target Production Methods at the Woods-Hole Oceanographic Institution during 1986-1991},
	journal = {Radiocarbon},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Lg927Times Cited:12
Cited References Count:14
},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {301-310},
	abstract = {In July 1986, an AMS radiocarbon target preparation laboratory was established at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to produce graphite to be analyzed at the NSF-Accelerator Facility for Radioisotope Analysis at the University of Arizona (Tucson). By June 1991, 923 graphite targets had been prepared and 847 analyzed. Our lab procedures during this time included the careful documentation of weights of all starting samples, catalysts and final graphite yields, as well as the volume of CO2 gas evolved during CaCO3 hydrolysis or closed-tube organic carbon combustions. From these data, we evaluate the methods used in general and in our lab.},
	keywords = {accelerator mass-spectrometry, facility, ocean, radiocarbon, samples, sediments},
	isbn = {0033-8222},
	author = {Gagnon, A. R. and Jones, G. A.}
}
