@article {1995,
	title = {Impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon attenuation},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Gregory, Samuel TShea, Damian
Guthrie-Nichols, Elizabeth
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2005/08/09 09:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Jul 15;39(14):5285-92.
},
	month = {Jul 15},
	pages = {5285-92},
	abstract = {Results from natural and engineered phytoremediation systems provide strong evidencethatvegetated soils mitigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. However, the mechanisms by which PAH mitigation occurs and the impact of plant organic matter on PAH attenuation remain unclear. This study assessed the impact of plant organic matter on PAH attenuation in labile and refractory sediments fractions from a petroleum distillate waste pit that has naturally revegetated. Samples were collected in distinct zones of barren and vegetated areas to assess changes to organic matter composition and PAH content as vegetation colonized and became established in the waste pit. Sediments were fractionated into bulk sediment and humin fractions and analyzed for organic matter composition by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (delta (13)C), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), delta 14C AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry), and percent organic carbon (\%TOC). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) of lipid extracts of SOM fractions provided data for PAH distribution histograms, compound weathering ratios, and alkylated and nonalkylated PAH concentrations. Inputs of biogenic plant carbon, PAH weathering, and declines in PAH concentrations are most evidentfor vegetated SOM fractions, particularly humin fractions. Sequestered PAH metabolites were also observed in vegetated humin. These results show that plant organic matter does impact PAH attenuation in both labile and refractory fractions of petroleum distillate waste.},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments/chemistry, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Plants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*isolation \& purification/*metabolism, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants/*isolation \& purification/*metabolism},
	isbn = {0013-936X (Print)0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es048028o },
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082958},
	author = {Gregory, S. T. and Shea, D. and Guthrie-Nichols, E.}
}
@article {2040,
	title = {Radiocarbon apportionment of fossil versus biofuel combustion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Stockholm metropolitan area},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Mandalakis, ManolisGustafsson, Orjan
Reddy, Christopher M
Xu, Li
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2004/11/17 09:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Oct 15;38(20):5344-9.
},
	month = {Oct 15},
	pages = {5344-9},
	abstract = {Source-diagnostic markers and the isotopic composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in surface sediments from the greater Stockholm waterways to deduce the contribution from biomass sources to the environmental PAH load. The summed concentration of 20 PAHs ranged from 0.8 to 45.1 microg/g (dry weight) and exhibited a steep decline with increasing distance from the city center evidencing that sources within the metropolitan area of Stockholm dominate its PAH burden. Several diagnostic PAH ratios indicated an overwhelming predominance of pyrogenic sources over the petrogenic ones, while retene and 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene were unable to correctly evaluate the contribution from biomass combustion. The stable carbon isotope composition (delta13C) of individual PAHs ranged from -24.8 to -27.0\% but also was proved inefficient to discriminate between different types of fuels due to the overlapping signals in various sources. The delta14C values of PAHs ranged between -550.4 and -934.1\%, indicating a clear predominance of fossil fuel sources. By using an isotopic mass balance approach, we estimated that on average 17+/-9\% of PAHs derived from biomass combustion. This radiocarbon apportionment, in conjunction with detailed energy statistics for the Stockholm region, revealed that the ambient PAH burden is roughly similar, per unit energy produced, from fossil fuels and biofuels. Societies{\textquoteright} shifting energy policies toward a larger reliance on biofuels may thus not lead to further deterioration of air quality and respiratory ailments for the urban population.},
	keywords = {*Bioelectric Energy Sources, *Fossil Fuels, Biomass, Carbon Radioisotopes, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments/*analysis, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis/isolation \& purification, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/isolation \& purification},
	isbn = {0013-936X (Print)0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es049088x},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543735},
	author = {Mandalakis, M. and Gustafsson, O. and Reddy, C. M. and Xu, L.}
}
@article {2104,
	title = {The West Falmouth oil spill after thirty years: the persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments},
	journal = {Environ Sci Technol},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Reddy, Christopher MEglinton, Timothy I
Hounshell, Aubrey
White, Helen K
Xu, Li
Gaines, Richard B
Frysinger, Glenn S
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2002/12/19 04:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Nov 15;36(22):4754-60.
},
	month = {Nov 15},
	pages = {4754-60},
	abstract = {The long-term fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments (West Falmouth, MA) contaminated in 1969 by the spill of the barge Florida was investigated. A 36-cm-long sediment core was collected in August 2000, and sediment extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). The latter technique is capable of separating 1 order of magnitude more compounds than the former and was used to observe whether any compositional changes in the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) occurred. No evidence of petroleum residues was detected in the top 6 cm (0-6 cm) and the lower 8 cm (28-36 cm) of the core. However, the central sections 16-28 cm) were dominated by a UCM in the boiling range of n-C13-n-C25 alkanes, consistent with a No. 2 fuel oil source. The 12-14- and 14-16-cm sections had the highest concentrations of UCM approximately 8 mg g(-1)). These values are similar to concentrations observed shortly after the spill. Initial GC x GC analysis revealed that only the n-alkanes were completely degraded, and contrary to previous studies, pristane and phytane as well as numerous other branched alkanes are still present in the sediments. These results suggestthatatthis site hydrocarbon contamination will persist indefinitely in the sedimentary record.},
	keywords = {*Accidents, Chromatography, Gas, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments/*chemistry, Hydrocarbons/*analysis, Massachusetts, Petroleum/*analysis, Ships, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis},
	isbn = {0013-936X (Print)0013-936X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1021/es020656n},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12487296},
	author = {Reddy, C. M. and Eglinton, T. I. and Hounshell, A. and White, H. K. and Xu, L. and Gaines, R. B. and Frysinger, G. S.}
}
